The Influence of Race in Police–Civilian Interactions: A Content Analysis of Videotaped Interactions Taken During Cincinnati Police Traffic Stops

Although the study of police–civilian relations has recently entered the intergroup communication arena, there are no studies of actual interactions between these social categories. In part to rectify that stark omission and guided by communication accommodation theory, 313 randomly sampled video recordings from police cars on traffic stops in Cincinnati, Ohio were content analyzed. The study revealed 3 key differences as a function of the officers' and drivers' races: (a) Black drivers were more likely to experience extensive policing during the stop; (b) the communication quality of White drivers was, on average, more positive than that of the Black drivers; and (c) officers' communication behavior was more positive when the officer and driver were of the same race. These findings are consistent with public opinion data and their implications for theory are discussed.     

Effectiveness of transdermal, needle-free injections for reducing pork carcass defects

A needle-free, transdermal injection device was evaluated for effectiveness of vaccine delivery and for injection site lesions in swine. A total of 130 pigs were vaccinated for pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae). Pigs were divided into three groups; one group served as unvaccinated controls, the second group was vaccinated with conventional hypodermic needles and the third group was vaccinated with a needle-free, airpowered transdermal injection device. Blood samples collected for up to 36 days post-injection showed that both injection methods produced similar serological responses that were significantly greater than for unvaccinated controls. Injection sites, collected at slaughter from each carcass, showed minimal development of lesions and no carcass defects. The results show the needle-free, transdermal injection system to be effective and safe. Elimination of needles will prevent residual needle fragments in carcasses and associated carcass defects that develop from needle-induced injection-site lesions.     

Passive Treatment of Circumneutral Mine Drainage from the St. Louis Mine Tunnel,Rico CO: Part 3—Horizontal Wetlands Treatment Train Pilot Study

Mine drainage from the St Louis Tunnel (located at the Rico-Argentine Site) is circumneutral most of the year, with spring freshets increasing flow, decreasing pH and increasing metals concentrations. This study was designed to test the performance of a demonstration-scale horizontal wetlands passive treatment train, comprised of a settling basin, surface flow wetland, horizontal-flow anaerobic wetland, aeration channel, and rock drain, during two years of influent water chemistry at a constant 113 L/min (30 gpm) flow rate. Total Zn, Cd, and Mn effluent concentrations met project treatment goals (PTGs) 75, 96.9, and 100% of the time, respectively, and 93.9, 100, and 100% of the time for the dissolved metals. Most PTG exceedances occurred during the freshet events. Most Zn and Cd attenuation was attributed to sulfide precipitation in the anaerobic cell and capture/filtration of suspended ZnS particles in the anaerobic wetland and rock drain. Manganese was attenuated in the aerobic portion of the anaerobic cell (influent transition zone) as Mn oxides and carbonates. Oxidation of Mn occurred in the rock drain as biogenically formed Mn oxides adhered to the rock matrix. Carryover of dissolved sulfides from the anaerobic cell limited the rock drain’s Mn removal efficiency. Low temperatures did not significantly affect biological activity within the system; the effects of seasonal water quality were more important.

     

Passive Treatment of Circumneutral Mine Drainage from the St. Louis Mine Tunnel,Rico, CO: Part 1—Case Study: Characteristics of the Mine Drainage

This publication is a case study of the seasonal variability of mine water drainage from the Saint Louis Tunnel (SLT) at the inactive Rico-Argentine mine site located in southwestern Colorado. It is an introductory paper for the two passive water treatment system technology evaluations contained in this issue. Mine water chemistry changes from baseflow to a snowmelt runoff event (SMRE) where snowmelt runoff follows preferential migration pathways to flush acidic weathering products from the upper mine workings to the SLT. Baseflow mine drainage is characterized as circumneutral, with Zn, Cd, Mn, and Ni concentrations primarily in the dissolved form. Dissolved Zn, Mn, Fe, and potentially Cd illustrate equilibrium with carbonate minerals. Total concentrations of Fe, Cu, Pb, and As are primarily in the suspended form and suggest sorption to Fe oxides. Mine water chemistry during the SMRE reflects mixing of circumneutral baseflow waters with more acidic waters flushing the upper mine workings. Geothermal activity provides for a consistently warm mine water discharge from the SLT. The two seasons that provide the most challenge to passive water treatment of SLT mine drainage are the SMRE period and the low flow stage of the Dolores River. Mine water flow and chemistry during SMRE are highly correlated with Dolores River flow and this site conceptual model was and will be used to assist in pilot project evaluation, water treatment system design, monitoring system design, a seasonal compliance approach, and water management.

     

The sintering temperature of ash, agglomeration, and defluidisation in a bench scale PFBC

Five Australian black coals were studied in a bench scale pressurised fluidised bed combustor (PFBC) to investigate the agglomeration propensity. It was found that coals with higher proportions of calcium aluminosilicate showed higher propensity for agglomeration and defluidisation. The pressure-drop sintering technique can predict the agglomeration propensity for coals. Samples with a sintering temperature lower than the operating temperature of the PFBC showed agglomeration. The laboratory ash can be a good representative of the PFBC ash when studying agglomeration and defluidisation.     

Relative Numerousness Judgment and Summation in Young and Old Western Lowland Gorillas.

The relationship between age, relative numerousness judgment, and summation was investigated in 11 Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Experiments 1 and 2 evaluated the gorillas' ability to select the larger of 2 food quantities before and with training. The majority of gorillas did not reliably select the larger quantity in Experiment 1 until receiving training to do so in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 evaluated their ability to select the larger of 2 pairs of quantities. All gorillas selected the larger pair more often than chance, and the old were less accurate and slower than were the young. For most gorillas, performance in relative numerousness judgment with training and summation was comparable with previous reports in chimpanzees and orangutans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nonlinear fibers for signal processing using optical Kerr effects

This paper reviews nonlinear optical-fiber designs for signal processing using optical Kerr effects. The requirements for designing nonlinear fibers are described first. Then, the design concept is discussed and design examples are shown to illustrate the tradeoffs among the different fiber properties such as effective area, dispersion, and attenuation. Furthermore, fiber designs with distributed Brillouin frequency shift to mitigate the effect of simulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in nonlinear fibers are discussed in detail. An SBS-threshold increase of 7 dB over conventional nonlinear fibers is experimentally demonstrated.     

Food-search behavior and its relation to the central excitatory state in the genetic analysis of the blow fly Phormia regina..

Tested the hypothesis, derived from the work of V. G. Dethier (see record 1958-01228-001), that dance behavior in the blowfly might be an ethologically relevant manifestation of the central excitatory state (CES). Dance duration in lines selected for high- and low-CES levels was measured. As predicted, Ss from the high-CES line danced longer than those from the low-CES line, and the CES–dance correlation in individual Ss was high. This phenotypic correlation disappeared in the F? generation of a cross between the high- and low-CES lines, a result indicating that the observed variations in CES and dance duration were not caused by the same set of genes. Further characterization of the underlying genetic system showed that several linked autosomal genes with digenic epistatic interactions and a complex pattern of maternal inheritance were responsible for the difference in dance durations between the high- and low-CES lines. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sensors for Use with Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation

Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) designates artificially applied electrical activation of muscles to restore function lost as a result of neurological lesions. FNS prostheses are currently being designed to restore urinary bladder control, standing, walking, and hand function. All of these prostheses need sensors for interaction with the human users and the environment. This paper discusses each of these prostheses with special regard to the use of sensors and the design specifications that the sensors must meet.     

A prospective study of short- and long-term neuropsychological outcomes after traumatic brain injury in children.

Longitudinal neuropsychological outcomes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were investigated in 53 children with severe TBI, 56 children with moderate TBI, and 80 children with orthopedic injuries only. Neuropsychological functioning was assessed at baseline, at 6- and 12-month follow-ups, and at an extended follow-up (a mean of 4 years postinjury). Mixed model analyses revealed persistent neuropsychological sequelae of TBI that generally did not vary as a function of time postinjury. Some recovery occurred during the first year postinjury, but recovery reached a plateau after that time, and deficits were still apparent at the extended follow-up. Further recovery was uncommon after the first year postinjury. Family factors did not moderate neuropsychological outcomes, despite their demonstrated influence on behavior and academic achievement after childhood TBI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)